He dealt with the efforts of reformers to alter the political structure of the realm and with disagreements over taxes. Rise to Power Maximilian’s successor as Holy Roman emperor and as archduke of Austria, his son Rudolf II (reigned 1576–1612), had been educated in Spain strictly in the Catholic faith. Although Protestant, he was not successful in uniting Protestants in the empire.…, Charles VI, 1685–1740, Holy Roman emperor (1711–40), king of Bohemia (1711–40) and, as Charles III, king of Hungary (1712–40); brother and successor…, MATTHIAS (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (1557–1619; ruled 1612–1619). In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg had settled religious disputes in the Holy Roman Empire by enshrining the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio, allowing a prince to determine the religion of his subjects. From the time of his reign, the Habsburg dynasty remained divided between an Austrian and a Spanish branch, with each having its own lines of succession. Both Philip and Maximilian had broad intellectual interests and both men became great patrons of the arts and sciences. Matthias, (born Feb. 24, 1557, Vienna—died March 20, 1619, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor from 1612, who, in a reversal of the policy of his father, Maximilian II, sponsored a Catholic revival in the Habsburg domains that, despite his moderating influence, … The war can be divided into four major phases: The Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention. Although the Empire is a Union, of a kind, it is more of a loose partnership of autonomous states than the actual country. . In an open letter to Protestant subjects in 1618 from Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, he attempts to console his subjects that he is “preserving all the Bohemian privileges, liberties, and treaties” so the Protestants should not misinterpret his rulings and try to rebel (Doc 1). In the arts, Charles maintained the Habsburg tradition of patronage, supporting DÜrer and the great Italian painter Titian. Matthias, Holy Roman emperor, son of the emperor Maximilian II and Maria, daughter of the emperor Charles V, was born in Vienna, on the 24th of February 1557. ." By the late 1400s, the empire cover… Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In 1246 they took control of the duchy of Austria. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/habsburg-dynasty, "Habsburg Dynasty The plan received little support. When Frederick died in 1493, Maximilian became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and head of the house of Habsburg. Through the marriage of his sister Anna, he was related to Philip II of Spain and his sister Elisabeth to King Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, whose aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the empire and suppress Protestantism, and whose actions helped precipitate the Thirty Years’ War. His greatest success was in arranging the marriage of his son Philip to Joan I of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Ferdinand IIHis rule coincided with the Thirty Years’ War and his aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the empire and suppress Protestantism. Document 1 Source: Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, open letter to his Protestant subjects in Bohemia, 1618 It has been alleged that the free exercise of religion will be abolished. This is best demonstrated by document one, a letter from Emperor Matthias. The population’s sentiments notwithstanding, the added insult of the nobility’s rejection of Ferdinand, who had been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617, triggered the Thirty Years’ War in 1618, when his representatives were thrown out of a window and seriously injured. "Habsburg dynasty After Matthias's accession as Holy Roman Emperor, his policy was dominated by Klesl, who hoped to bring about a compromise between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire in order to strengthen it. On the death of Ferdinand I in 1564, the Habsburg domains were divided among his three sons: Maximilian II became Holy Roman Emperor, and also ruled Bohemia and Austria. Who did the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II hire to build an imperial army? Religion: Roman Catholic Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Royalty. He spoke seven languages, which greatly helped him rule his multilingual* empire. He made an unsuccessful expedition to Italy, but because of opposition from the Venetians, failed to reach Rome for his imperial coronation in 1508. She was the daughter of Ferdinand II and Isabella I and inherited Castile…, Habituation and Sensitization in Vertebrates, Habituation and Sensitization in Tritonia, Haché, Roland, B.A., B.Ed. The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel—some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics, and certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in the region. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, resulting in millions of casualties. Rivalries for land and authority within the Habsburg family were intense. A well-educated man and skillful diplomat, Maximilian was a patron of the arts, literature, and scholarship at his court in Vienna. He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years’ War. Toward the end his reign, Emperor Matthias, realizing he would die without an heir, arranged for his lands to go to his nearest male relative, the staunchly Catholic Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary and Croatia (1618–1637). Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. The grandson of Maximilian, Charles V held more than 60 royal and princely titles, including emperor, king of Castile and Aragon, and archduke of Austria. . Retrieved March 10, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/habsburg-dynasty. Minorities of each creed existed almost everywhere, however. Charles, a steadfast Roman Catholic, failed in his attempts to suppress Luther's movement and to eliminate Protestants from the empire. Worn out by conflict and troubled by illness, Charles turned over his imperial responsibilities to Ferdinand in 1555. These states employed relatively large mercenary armies, and the war became less about religion and more of a continuation o… He expelled a Hungarian army from Vienna and brought Bohemia within the Habsburg lands through marriage arrangements. Rudolf's brother Matthias succeeded him. Austria and Hungary, History: Biographies, Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ferdinand I spent much of his reign trying to settle religious conflicts in Germany and urging war against the Ottomans. "Habsburg Dynasty Charles defeated a French army and King Francis I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, and fought off an assault by the Ottoman Turks on Vienna in 1529. In 1549, he defeated the Protestant Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg. At this time, the ideas of the Italian humanists were starting to arrive in northern Europe. Ferdinand would be followed by Charles's son Philip II and then by Ferdinand's son Maximilian II. To advance his interests in Italy, Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of the duke of Milan, in 1494. The Netherlands, Spain, Italian lands, and the colonies went to Philip. The Renaissance. Ferdinand II, educated by the Jesuits, was a staunch Catholic who wanted to impose religious uniformity on his lands. FERDINAND II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR Reigned from 1619 to 1637; b. Graz, Styria, July 9, 1578; d. Vienna, Feb. 15, 1637. He had all Protestants dismissed from court service. The Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects. Rudolf was born in Vienna on 18 July 1552. Maximilian's grandson Charles inherited the throne of Spain as well as the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Matthias, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Luxemburg, Württemberg, the Upper and Lower Silesia, Prince of Swabia, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Moravia, the Upper and … Charles and Ferdinand shared Austria. The younger son of Maximilian II, Matthias served as governor-general of the Spanish Netherlands, 1578 – 1581, governor of Upper and Lower Austria (1593), king of Hungary (1608), and king of Bohemia (1611). Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict, which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed. Some people said of the Habsburgs, "Others may wage war, but thou, happy Austria, marry! According to Fichtner, … The armada was turned away, however, and this defeat dealt a severe blow to Philip's power and prestige as a defender of the faith in Europe. In 1438, Albert II succeeded to the title, followed by Frederick III. 2021 . However, as a patron of the arts, he introduced humanist* learning to Germany. In 1618 the war began with religious conflict in Bohemia. 2021 . To avoid the threat of civil war, Charles signed an agreement in 1551 that his brother Ferdinand I would succeed him as emperor. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. He defended Burgundy against the French and founded the Holy League, an alliance of the Holy Roman Empire with the pope, Venice, Milan, and Spain to fight the attempted French conquest of Italy. A capable ruler with a wide education, Frederick consolidated Habsburg rule in Germany, expanded the domain to the east, and signed the Concordat of Vienna with Pope Nicholas V, an agreement that allowed the Habsburgs some independence from the control of the church. The war began when the newly elected Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tried to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its peoples, and the Protestant states banded together to revolt against him. The Habsburgs also played a significant role in the cultural life of the Renaissance through their patronage* of major artists, literary figures, and scientists. He did, however, manage to hold off the Ottoman Turks in central Europe and the French in Italy. (Nigadoo-Chaleur), https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/habsburg-dynasty, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/habsburg-dynasty, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/habsburg-dynasty, Maximilian I 1459–1519 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V 1500–1558 King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand I 1503–1564 Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Maximilian II 1527–1576 Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II 1552–1612 King of Hungary and Bohemia, Holy Roman Emperor. Dividing the Habsburg Inheritance. . MATTHIAS (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (1557 – 1619; ruled 1612 – 1619)MATTHIAS (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (1557 – 1619; ruled 1612 – 1619). (March 10, 2021). Klesl's efforts to make peace between Catholics and Protestants were hampered by Matthias's cousin Ferdinand, who became emperor in 1619. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the Carolingian Empire. The Holy Roman Empire said they were trying to preserve religion freedom at the same time they were diminishing it. Hernan Cortés completed his conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico (1521) and Francisco Pizarro vanquished the Inca in Peru (1533). In the early 17th century most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, had large Protestant populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom.. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Matthias was born in the Austrian capital of Vienna as the fourth son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain. The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely independent states. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. ." The Habsburg cause in the next few years would seem to suffer unrecoverable reverses. Retrieved March 10, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/habsburg-dynasty. When Ferdinand died in 1564, the Habsburg lands were divided among his three sons. Charlemagne (2 April 742/747/748 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (German: Karl der Große; Latin: Carolus or Karolus Magnus) or Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of Italy from 774, and from 800 the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. He defeated the Ottoman navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, and mounted assaults on the lairs of Mediterranean corsairs in North Africa. The Later Habsburgs. Meanwhile, Sweden and Denmark, both Lutheran kingdoms, sought to assist the Protestant cause in the Empire, and wanted to gain political and economic influence there as well. We want to make it clear to you through this open letter that we have no intention of rescinding the agreement between the religions, still less want anyone else to do this, despite what others in Bohemia may have said. Maximilian defended the Burgundian inheritance in battle against two French kings and became king of the Romans in 1486, joining his father in managing the Holy Roman Empire. Matthias of Austria, a member of the House of Habsburg (* February 24, 1557 in Vienna, † March 20, 1619 ibid) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria (1612 – 1619), king of Hungary (as Mátyás II) and Croatia (as Matija II) since 1608 and king of Bohemia (also as Matyáš II) since 1611. (March 10, 2021). Philip inherited the Netherlands, Spain (as King Philip II), the Habsburg territories in Italy, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas. Philip was succeeded by his son Philip III, and Ferdinand by his son Maximilian II. Though a Habsburg and a Catholic, he approached the Lutheran Imperial estates with a view to overcome the denominational schism, which ultimately failed. Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century. . Encyclopedia.com. The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio (“Whose realm, his religion”), which allowed Holy Roman Empire state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. One of the most remarkable princes to emerge during the Renaissance, Frederick's son Maximilian I (1459–1519) had studied The reign of the house of Habsburg began in 1246, when the family took control of Austria. Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. . Prelude. The Habsburg rulers were skilled in enlarging their domains through marriage agreements. He simply exploited* their resources and used them to enhance the image of Habsburg power. Charles finally arranged for his brother Ferdinand to inherit the imperial throne, which would then pass to Philip, Charles's son. At first, the Habsburgs seemed to be just another noble family with ambitions to expand its territory by waging war and making favorable alliances though marriage. The Holy Roman Empire is a unique union between Teutonic countries. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Renaissance. In 1619 he succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman emperor. Already king of Bohemia and Hungary, Rudolf never married and is best known for his patronage of the arts and sciences. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Religion in the Holy Roman Empire on the eve of the Thirty Years’ War. The result of this union was that his grandson Charles inherited the Spanish crown and a prominent place in the order of succession as Holy Roman Emperor. ." The electors elect the Emperor and he gains access to special options. Lutherans—that is to say, Lutheran estates and governments—sought to extend the rights they had won in 1555 to parts of Germany that were still Roman Catholic. New rounds of fighting between the Valois, the French royal family, and the Habsburgs broke out in 1536 after the French king Francis I forged an alliance with the Ottomans. Educated by the diplomatist O. G. de Busbecq, he began his public life in 1577, soon after his father's … The Renaissance. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The position of the Holy Roman Emperor was mainly titular, but the emperors, from the House of Habsburg, also directly ruled a large portion of imperial territory (lands of the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia), as well as the Kingdom of Hungary. These wars finally ended in 1544 when Francis signed the Peace of Crépy. The Habsburgs originated in Swabia, a duchy of southwestern Germany. Born in Graz, the eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria, and was baptised as Ferdinand Ernst. Philip III succeeded his father Philip II on the Spanish throne, ruling from 1598 to 1621. Seeking to end English support for a revolt in the Netherlands, and return England to the Catholic fold, he sent a huge armada north in 1588. 10 Mar. Father and Son. Through a series of advantageous marriages, the family managed to overcome territorial and language boundaries and gained control of much of Europe and of vast tracts of land in the Americas. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. These leaders faced conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor over the freedom of the nation to practice Protestantism as their local religion. 10 Mar. Religion. Charles retired to his country house and died in 1558, the year Ferdinand was crowned emperor. This was evident from the Cologne War (1583–1588), in which a conflict ensued when the prince-archbishop of the city, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to Calvinism. Another branch of the House of Habsburg ruled over Spain and its empire, which included the Spanish Netherlands, southern Italy, the Philippines, and most of the Americas. The new emperor faced many problems, including a fierce rivalry with France over Italy and threats to the empire's eastern frontier by the Ottoman Turks*. Determined to make Vienna the cultural center of Europe, Maximilian brought distinguished scientists and scholars to the city. The immense empire ruled by Charles V—the largest since the time of Charlemagne—posed a serious problem regarding succession. He employed such artists as Albrecht DÜrer for numerous projects, including illustrations for his own literary works. He also persuaded the king of Bohemia to pass the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary to the Habsburgs if he died without a male heir.
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